The art of characterization in Julius Caesar Essay Example For Students

The art of characterization in Julius Caesar Essay The art of characterization. JC Drama is concerned with the unfolding of characters and Shakespeare has constantly sought the most effective means to dramatize characters on stage. William Shakespeare?s art of characterization is one of the most distinctive features of the play, Julius Caesar. In this tragic and historic play, Shakespeare presents an imposing number of characters but the prime focus is always directed to those he wishes to highlight. The play Julius Caesar is a dramatization of the Roman historic events that revolves around the tragic death of Julius Caesar, and its consequences. Thus, characters in the play consist of people ranging from politically important members- those in the highest echelon, to their wives and servants, from the tribunes to the soldiers, the commoners in the Roman Society back then. The role of every character in the play fascinates the audience to the very end of the play, giving a great dramatic effect. The playwright has shown a great variety of human traits and outlooks that are possessed by these characters. The roles of both- the Chief and subordinate characters in the play, hold equal importance in driving the play ahead and entertaining the audience. But of course, the author has showed a conspicuous difference between the character development of each (chief or subordinate). The audience or readers may find the main characters more developed, since the plot revolves around them. In the Scene I, Act I, the characters in play are the ones which do not appear again in the whole play. Shakespeare has used these characters to introduce the main characters of the play, particularly the eponymous character, Julius Caesar, who is introduced by a Cobbler. The dialogues between the Plebeians and the two annoyed Tribunes reveal the tension between these two sections of the Roman Society, at the very outset of the play. Thus Shakespeare shows characters having different loyalties and allegiances (most importantly- to Pompey or to Caesar). To absorb the attentiveness of the audience, and to keep it going, the playwright has given the characters in the Scene I, (especially, the commoners,) an ironic spirit of comedy. This offends the tribunes, which is when; the author makes use of influential oratory on the part of the Tribunes, to sway the crowd. The plebeians also get influenced, which reveals their fickle-mindedness. As the play progresses, the temperament of each of the characters comes into focus. The technique used by Shakespeare to characterize, follows a number of principal rules such as distinctiveness, contrast, consistence, effectiveness. Every Character is represented according to his distinctive features. Ambitious Caesar, Idealistic and Patriotic Brutus, Envious and Malcontented Cassius, Submissive women (Portia and Calpurnia), fickle-minded and changeable mob etc, and their influence on the whole action of the play is prominent. The character of Julius Caesar occupies a very significant place in the play, since. The playwright has made his character a very unique one. Caesar?s greatness and military genius in commended by the plebeians and is also secretly feared by all the rest. Through dialogues, monologues and soliloquies, Shakespeare not only reveals more about the people the character is speaking about, but also about the character itself. For e.g. When Cassius vents his rage against Caesar, he observes his ?lean and hungry look? and suspects danger (-his dialogue with Antony after returning from the games). Thus, Caesar has been devised as being a very astute judge of character. Shakespeare has endowed Caesar with a haughty attitude and excessive ambition, and also made him aware of his human psychological and physical vulnerability, for eg, him believing in superstitions and him having an attack of epilepsy. Which is why, often, Caesar is seen to be self-conscious, struggling between his pride and his fear. His apprehension of being thought as a coward, paves the way for his arrogant and ruddy behavior. This however, is his character flaw which brings about his death at the hands of the conspirators. Antony is portrayed as one of Caesar?s favorites in the play. At first, Shakespeare shows Antony as a relaxed and jovial character. But we see a very important change in his role post Caesar?s death. This character is shown to be a mastermind, when he uses influential techniques for swaying the crowd. In the speech, he uses sarcastic remarks such as, ?Brutus is an honorable man?, to justify his detestation for the conspirators. Also, he acquires a place of extreme importance in the political affairs of Rome thereafter, since he becomes a part of the 2nd Triumvirate. .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 , .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .postImageUrl , .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 , .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2:hover , .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2:visited , .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2:active { border:0!important; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2:active , .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2 .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65b93a3a1579de0b87bf4e89414aeed2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Unemployment Essay We will write a custom essay on The art of characterization in Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Brutus? character is a quite different one. As mentioned by Antony in his speech, ?Brutus is an honorable man?, he thinks very highly of the ?Honor of a true Roman?. Brutus has been molded by the playwright in such a way that he (Brutus) seems to be very patriotic, philosophic and idealistic, he however lacks pragmatism. He is shown as an idealist who lacks the practical judgment to be a good leader. Thus although he is endowed with youth and wisdom, he is na?ve and thus is totally misled by Cassius. Shakespeare has made Cassius a very clever and shrewd character. Cassius is successful in perceiving the fears of many other characters and manipulating their viewpoints for his personal advantage. Through the dialogue between Cassius and Brutus in A.I, S II., Shakespeare shows Cassius to be a very shrewd opportunist that detects uncertainties and conflicts in Brutus? opinion regarding self-divisiveness, and immediately embarks upon his policy of sowing the seeds of Conspiracy in Brutu s? mind. The playwright shows Cassius to be malcontented and also deceitful, when he asks Cinna to leave forged letters. Cassius, however, is shown as the one who is probably mentally weak and needs a strong support to fulfill his objectives, which becomes his character flaw. The Roman mob in those times, as depicted by Shakespeare, has been shown as a very fickle-minded one. The loyalty and support of the commoners is inconstant and keeps changing. This question of the loyalty of the plebeians reverberates in the whole play E.g.: After killing Caesar, the effective speech of Brutus manipulates the crowd into thinking that the death of Caesar was for the ?Greater Good? of Rome and her empire, but later when Antony speaks, his well-planned and persuasive oratory, makes him the absolute favorite of the crowd. Antony is successful in mischievously tricking the crowd into believing and supporting him; ]] Thus, plebeians? faithfulness changes from Caesar (in the beginning of the play,) to Brutus (when Caesar is killed by the conspirators) to finally Antony (after he speaks to the crowd at Caesar?s funeral). The female characters in the play, most importantly, Portia and Calpurnia, bring forth the submissive, feeble and frail state of women in the Elizabethan times. The tenuous women as shown by Shakespeare have no effect on their husbands? decisions and they fail to convince them. Octavius Caesar is a character that enters the play quite late in Act IV. However, the playwright has shown him to be a very strong character. He is portrayed as a natural leader, presuming command and leadership as a responsible authority without the need of a permission for the same. Thus we find a lot of distinctiveness through contrast, consistence, and effectiveness in characters in the play. The playwright has placed those characters that show a great contrast, together, so as to highlight the characteristic streaks of each other. For e.g., by making Caesar and Antony, Cassius and Brutus, foils of each other, Shakespeare has drawn attention to their natures. Where Brutus acts upon principles, Cassius is often impulsive. Where Brutus is a noble and honorable character, Cassius is a better politician. On the other hand, Where Caesar is old; Antony is young and full of vigour. Where Caesar is an astute judge of character, Antony is not. Some characters in the play remain consistent with their original form. For e.g., Brutus still remains against Caesar in the end of the play, and while dying does not change his opinion that he was right when he had killed Caesar, not for any personal grudge, but for the betterment of Rome. .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 , .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .postImageUrl , .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 , .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3:hover , .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3:visited , .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3:active { border:0!important; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3:active , .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3 .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98b646dc40912bdb3eeefbacf0e4b3e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Endangered Species Study: Jaguars EssayFurthermore, the very nature of Julius Caesar springs from the nature of its supreme characters and their effective impersonation by the actors on stage. The playwright urges the audiences to ponder upon the idea of who the protagonist of this play could be. Nearly everyone would suppose the eponymous character to be the protagonist. However, Julius Caesar is killed in Act III and does not reappear again in the whole play in his human form. Also, through his art of characterization, the playwright has been able to reveal the values, attitudes and beliefs present in those times. Thus, Shakespeare has shown his supreme excellence as a d ramatist through his very art of characterization in the play, Julius Caesar.

My Future Career and Plans Essay Example

My Future Career and Plans Essay Example My Future Career and Plans Essay My Future Career and Plans Essay My future career and plans The first I have to do is to finish this school. After it there I would like to study The University of Economics or Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the Czech Technical University. Rather I would like to study the University of Economics, because after finishing it I would have two qualifications, computer specialist and engineer of economy. The second school is very good too, because I would have a complex overview in computers. During the studies I would like to join some exchange program for students and study few months abroad. It would be absolutely perfect, because of get some experience with foreign circumstances. Next aim I would like to achieve is to learn fluently French and German. It’s necessary, because we are surrounded by German speaking countries and the official language in the European Union is the French. My school selection has another advantage. After reach some experience skills in the computer world I could certify my knowledge by Microsoft certificating program. The test and certificate are world reputable, which could be very useful in the future job. During the studies, there is a possibility to work for a company connected with school, where I could get some experience as a practice. If I found some good practice during my studies I would try to lunch out on my own. I would try to find a flat and live my own life. I have to prove to everybody, especially to my family, that I am able to see after myself. After the school I would like to find well paid work, but I would have to enjoy it. In the work which I don’t enjoy I don’t do maximum for it and it’s not good. After get some experience If possible I would like to create my own computer company, because what I know certain is that I don’t want to work with some company and after fifty years they will tell me â€Å"By Mike, you were good, but we don’t need you anymore†. That’s my nightmare. I want to leave some product of my whole life work here. I exactly don’t know the specialization of my future company, but I would like to undertake in the computer world, because it has a future. That’s another reason why I would like to study the University of Economics. For choice I would like to undertake with my present friends, because I can believe them and they will study similar schools. I believe that would be successful company and we would earn a lot of money. I would buy a comfortable car and I would buy a land and built a big house with an indoor and outdoor swimming pool. The bases for a good life are the material resources and a life partner. I don’t enjoy the marriage so I would like to live with my partner without it at least until the time we would have children, because it’s not necessary for me to have an affirmation which allows me to live with somebody I love. I think that it is a modern tendency to live without a marriage, so I would try it. I suppose that people will come to know each other better. After I will have children I would like to look after my family, so the conditions is that the company will be reputable and it will be run by perspective people and I will only share the profits and do only the representative functions as propagations of our interests.

Art in the Stone Age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Art in the Stone Age - Research Paper Example The essay "Art in the Stone Age" discovers Stone Age's art. Despite the fact that there is no ‘written’ record of these people and their beliefs, the artwork they produced reveals much about the way they thought, what they believed and the technologies they had developed for the easing of everyday concerns or needs. Although both the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods are named for the dependence upon stone as the primary material for everything from tools to shelters, these two eras are distinctly different in the ideas expressed and the technologies mastered evidenced in their artwork as these objects were created. Although it is traditionally thought these two eras are easily marked by a profound shift in social development, this study will show that Paleolithic cave paintings are a highly innovative technology reveling a society far more advanced that previously thought. According to Phillip Myers (1904), early Paleolithic art is essentially non-existent. Based upon t hose items that have been found, the early Paleolithic period is marked by a concentration on the production of chipped flint tools with an occasional use of bones, horns, tusks or other material to assist in cutting, scraping and other survival needs. â€Å"What we know of Paleolithic man may be summed up as follows: he was a hunter and fisher; his habitation was a cave or rock shelter; his implements were in the main roughly shaped flints; he had no domestic animals save possibly the dog and the reindeer; he was ignorant.

Uncompleted or inchoate crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Uncompleted or inchoate crimes - Essay Example mstances and among different cultures and continents that Common Law postulates were fashioned, modified, edited and altered – not abruptly but subtly, through decades of observation and application in the form of verdicts from the courts of law – and what can be seen today is the end result of absorption through years of diverse ethos and interaction between cultural and societal forces at work in numerous societies. Common legal principles and concepts as ‘Magna Charta’, ‘Bill of Rights’, ‘Habeas Corpus’ and even ‘Right of trial by jury’ have their origins in Common Law. The evolution of Common Law has been a long natural process and is based on the principle of stare decisis, a Latin clause that literally means "stand by things decided." To explain it further, the clause means a judge in a court of law has to apply the law as it is presented to him through previous decisions of courts of law. But this does not really prevent judges from making a law as they can and, almost always do, introduce changes that obviously cannot be revolutionary but subtle in nature and an accumulation of such subtle changes finally lead to a marked alteration in the present version of the law as compared to its original form. (Neilson, 1882) Though Common Law originated in England and still forms the basis of prevalent laws in England, Wales and Ireland, it also wields deep influence on legal systems of United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India and many other commonwealth countries. However, with the passage of time, it has been observed that most countries have veered towards a system where distinctions between Common Law and Civil Law (or, codified law) have increasingly been obliterated as jurisprudence (for all practical purposes another name for Common Law) gained importance in countries following Civil Law and statutes and codes were more often cited in countries following Common Law. There are two concepts – actus reus (the

Internal Communication in Organizational Environment Research Paper

Internal Communication - Research Paper Example To sÐ µÃ µ thÐ µ links in tÐ µrms of strÐ µngths and wÐ µaknÐ µssÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ communication modÐ µl, human rÐ µsourcÐ µs, and organizational pÐ µrformancÐ µ, thÐ µ managÐ µr must makÐ µ Ð µxplicit mÐ µaning of thÐ µ lÐ µadÐ µrship paradigm that is containÐ µd in thÐ µ tÐ µxt in rÐ µlation to intÐ µrnal communication and motivation and thÐ µ compÐ µtÐ µncy modÐ µl. In this casÐ µ, Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ communication may bÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µd by how Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly thÐ µ organizational profÐ µssional is ablÐ µ to motivatÐ µ Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs, rathÐ µr than how adÐ µptly managÐ µmÐ µnt lÐ µadÐ µrship is ablÐ µ to placÐ µ thÐ µm basÐ µd on a filÐ µ kÐ µÃ µping systÐ µm. â€Å"According to Bass, transformational lÐ µadÐ µrs arÐ µ charismatic and inspirational. ThÐ µy intÐ µllÐ µctually stimulatÐ µ followÐ µrs, and thus promotÐ µ rationality and problÐ µm solving skills. ThÐ µy also providÐ µ individualizÐ µd considÐ µration to thÐ µ followÐ µrs† (Thomas, 2010). ThÐ µ conflict in an organization, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, could bÐ µ onÐ µ in which managÐ µrs and Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs arÐ µ having difficulty communicating bÐ µ causÐ µ of distrust on both sidÐ µs, and a gÐ µnÐ µral sÐ µparation of communication and culturÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µsÐ µ subsÐ µts of thÐ µ organizational Ð µnvironmÐ µnt. This could potÐ µntially lÐ µad to bÐ µhavior in thÐ µ organization that supposÐ µs that managÐ µmÐ µnt is to blamÐ µ for this situation, which could bÐ µ a potÐ µntial conflict in thÐ µ Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ-to-managÐ µmÐ µnt intÐ µraction. And in thÐ µ Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ-to-Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ catÐ µgory of intÐ µraction, othÐ µr Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs must bÐ µ awarÐ µ of how to communicatÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ positivÐ µly and not wind up ostracizing othÐ µrs in thÐ µ workplacÐ µ. In tÐ µrms of thÐ µ lÐ µadÐ µrship of thÐ µ managÐ µr along thÐ µ linÐ µs of providing conflict rÐ µsolution and providing a valuablÐ µ instructional paradigm, communication is also thÐ µ kÐ µy.

Theories Of Motivation In High Risk Sports Psychology Essay

Theories Of Motivation In High Risk Sports Psychology Essay Introduction This Chapter will attempt to give the reader a greater understanding of the windsurfing and the definitions and theories of motivation. It will use previous research that has been carried out to examine further some of these theories and observe consistencies and in-consistencies in the area of motivation in sports, outdoor sports and high risk sports. It will then use this information to Purpose of Research Justification Clarification of Terminology Historical Background of Windsurfing In the late 1940s, Newman Darby discovered how to sail a three metre sailboat without using a rudder by leaning the sail towards the fore and aft of the boat. It was not until 1964 that he designed the first universal joint, a component that connects the sail to the board that allows it to move in any direction (http://windsurfingmag.com/how-to/2008/03/26/windsurfing-glossary/). It was not until 1968 that Californian surfer Hoyle Schweitzer and Sailor Jim Drake got together and using Darbys ideas created the first windsurfer. They patented their design and in the 1970s began to produce it widely. It was Darbys concept of the Universal Joint that was at the core of their design that allowed the windsurfer to be steered without a rudder. Initially the windsurfer consisted of only one board which beginners learnt on and experts prevailed on. Everyone used the same kit regardless of the conditions or skill. (http://www.windsurfing-academy.com/information_bank/history/the_history_of_windsurfing.asp). The board was made from polyethylene, was 12 feet (3.5m) long and weighed 60 pounds (27kg) By the late 1970s windsurfing had taken a firm hold of America and Europe with one in every three households in Europe possessing a windsurfer. (http://www.windsurfing-academy.com/information_bank/history/the_history_of_windsurfing.asp, The Windsurfing Movie, 200?) The first world championships for windsurfing was held in 1973 and windsurfing became an Olympic sport for men in 1984 and in 1992 for women. Patent Abstract: Wind-propelled apparatus in which a mast is universally mounted on a craft and supports a boom and sail. Specifically a pair of curved booms are accurately connected athwart the mast and secure the sail there between, the position of the mast and sail being controllable by the user but being substantially free from pivotal restraint in the absence of such control. http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/windsurfing.htm Development of Windsurfing This section will look at how windsurfing has developed both in relation to the equipment designs and the attitudes towards it. It will also look at where windsurfing is today and attempt to predict the direction it may be heading towards. Definitions of Motivation For the purpose of this research it is important to understand what is meant by the term motivation. This section provides several definitions for motivation along with further information to bear in mind about the term motivation The term Motivation is derived from the Latin word movere meaning to move (Onions 1996) cited in (Moran, 2004). The concept of motivation can be defined as The hypothetical construct used to describe the internal and/or external forces that produce the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour (Vallerand Losier 1999) cited in (Vallerand Rousseau, 2001) Motivation can also be defined as being concerned with those factors which initiate or energise behavior (Moran, 2004, p. 38). Sage (1977) cited in (Festeu, 2002) states that motivation is the energizing element of personality which is reflected in individuals direction and intensity of effort. Within the field of sports psychology motivational issues are implicated when a person undertakes a task at which he or she is evaluated or enters into competition with others, or attempts to attain some standard of excellence (Roberts, 2001, p.6) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 38). Various theories of motivation will be looked at in greater detail within the next chapter Theories of Motivation. According to Roberts (2001) cited in (Moran, 2004), motivation is one of the most misunderstood constructs in sports psychology. Roberts (2001) states there are three reasons for this. Firstly motivation is often confused with arousal. Roberts (2001) states arousal needs to be channeled in a specific direction for motivation to occur. Secondly Roberts (2001) states that motivation cannot be enhanced through positive thinking as commonly believed. Research on goal setting shows peoples objectives have to be controllable and realistic to be effective. Finally some coaches believe that motivation is inherited genetically something which is also contradicted by research which shows motivation can be changed through appropriate instruction. Roberts (2001) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 39). Arousal Theories of Motivation Introduction This section will look at the various theories of motivation that have been developed over the years. These theories are not all directly relevant to the subject of this research but are necessary to allow a greater understanding of the area and theories, both past and current, of motivation. It will also look at the different types of motivation and the different factors that affect them. It will draw on information from various studies using these theories to attempt to develop a further understanding of these theories and how they are relevant to the areas of said studies. Instinct Theory Most current sports psychology can be traced back to William James (Model, 2005). James (1890) published an article called What is instinct. James suggested that interest plays an essential role towards attention and consequent behaviour. This theory bears many similarities to the Self Determination Theory proposed by Deci Ryan (1985). The Self Determination Theory will be further discussed later in this section. Sigmund Freud (1915) provided one of the earliest theories of motivation reviving James theories. Freud (1915) cited in (Model, 2005) suggested that individuals are passive beings and are moved by instincts, the main two being sex and aggression. Together these formed Freuds (1923) Instinct Theory (Model, 2005), (Vallerand Rousseau, 2001). A major criticism of Freuds theory is that instincts can be hard to identify. Freuds theory also fails to take into account the effect the environment may have on motivation. (Silva III Stevens, 2001). Need Achievement Theory The Need Achievement Theory considers both personality and situational factors as important predictors of behaviour. (Atkimson, 1974) cited in (Festeu, 2002). Personality refers to an individuals drive towards success and avoidance of failure. Murry 1938 Atkimson 1974 festeu(3) Drive Theory Drive Theory is an expansion of Freuds Instinct Theory put forward by Clark Hull (1948). Freuds Instinct Theory was originally named the drive theory but was later re-named. (Model, 2005). Hull concluded that motivational behaviours derive from one of four drives: sex, hunger, thirst and pain avoidance. A drive occurs and provides energy for action Hull (1938) cited in (Model, 2005). Hulls theory creates a link between instincts or drives and behaviour. According to Hulls theory, as these drives occur, such as hunger, we become motivated to reduce these drives to zero in this case by eating. This is the first theory that implies extrinsic motivation. (Model, 2005). Flaws observed within Hulls Drive theory came to light as better understandings of arousal and its effects on people came to light. Arousal will be discussed further in the next chapter Factors That Affect Motivation in Sport. Hulls Drive Theory also did not take into account of the differing levels of motivation between different tasks and individuals. (Silva III Stevens, 2001) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Self Determination Theory The Self Determination Theory is a model of human motivation that stems from the innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness within the environment. It provides an over-riding framework for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003) The Self Determination theory proposes that these psychological needs and the social environment will determine one of many motivations. Each motivation can have varied effects on our thoughts, behaviours and feelings. These motivations fall along a continuum and are all connected to each other (Deci Ryan, 1985) cited in (Model, 2005) Self Determination Theory (cooke, Fielding).pngCited in (Cooke Fielding, 2010) As the scale above displays, motivation can be divided into six different forms from intrinsic motivation at one end of a scale to extrinsic motivation at the other end (Deci Ryan 1985) cited in (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). Amotivation refers to no motivation at all. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003) describe it as a way of describing behavior which is neither regulated or intentional. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity as a means to an end and not for its own sake (Vallerand Fortier, 1998) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 40). It can be separated into non-internalised and internalised, as displayed in the diagram above. Internalised forms of extrinsic motivation carry some intrinsic factors contributing towards behavior but the primary reasons are still external. External Regulation External regulation is the most extreme form of extrinsic motivation. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). This refers to the doing of an activity solely to satisfy external demands such as for a reward or to avoid punishment. Introjected Regulation Introjected regulation is based on self controlled, ego orientated behavior that is usually driven by what others may think. Introjected motivation is not autonomous but rather externally focused behavior usually carried out to avoid guilt of anxiety or to maintain status or feelings of self worth. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). Identified Regulation Identified regulation has elements of intrinsic motivation but behavior is undertaken for primarily external reasons. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). An example of this is cross-training in sports. Windsurfers may partake in other exercises such as running or cycling not for the enjoyment but to maintain or increase fitness for windsurfing. They may enjoy the running or cycling but this is not their primary reason for participation. Integrated Regulation Integrated regulation is the most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation. A person carries out this behavior because it represents what they stand for. This can be demonstrated amongst volunteers for non-profit organisations. They carry out behavior for external rewards often with little compensation or direct benefit to themselves. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to peoples reasons for undertaking an activity for itself and the pleasure and satisfaction derived from participation (ibid., p.390) cited in (Moran, 2004, p. 39). This can also be described as the pursuit of an activity that one finds interesting and is engaged in for the inherent satisfaction derived from participation. (Baldwin Caldwell, 2003). Factors that Affect Motivation and Participation in Sports This section will observe the varying factors that encourage or discourage participation in sport or physical activity as a whole. It will draw on information gathered from the previous chapter and relate them directly to sport using research already carried out in the area of motivation in sports (5 buzz junkies) (8 understanding participation in sports) (The Art of Healthy Risk Taking) Motivation in Outdoor Activities This section will attempt to further explore the area of motivation towards the area of outdoor activity. It will explore motivational factors in various areas and various sports that draw from the natural environment to provide a medium to undertake the specific activities. It will also draw on research already carried out in this area to attempt to develop a greater understanding of any consistencies or in-consistencies in this area. Arousal (5 buzz junkies) (The Art of Healthy Risk Taking)(festeu 4) Risk Taking Nature and risk in adventure sports Philosophy, risk adventure sports Is Windsurfing an Extreme Sport? Windsurfing is commonly regarded as an Extreme sport however this term may be misleading. This label was attached to various alternative sports by the media originally in North America in an effort to attract the more lucrative teenage audience. (Dant Wheaton, 2007). The term High Risk is now commonly used by researchers in the field of these sports in place of the term extreme. It can be observed that the majority of windsurfing practised by most windsurfers cannot be described as high risk due to the fairly low risk of injury. (Dant Wheaton, 2007). It is important to remember that the more hazardous conditions attempted by many windsurfers by entering the seas in winds upwards of gale force and large swells still constitutes a high risk environment to enter. With this in mind, windsurfing can only really be described as a high risk sport when undertaken in such adverse conditions that if gear failure or rider error were to occur, self rescue would be close to an impossibility. This section will examine risk taking both real and perceived in the area of motivation and attempt to create an understanding of how this may alter individuals attitudes towards general activities and then specifically high risk sports. (The Art of Healthy Risk Taking) (To the Extremes out of the gene pool) What is even stranger is that some people go beyond being observers and take real risks, and expose themselves to real harm of 2 DANGER one kind or another, and that they do so completely voluntarily. Why do people, of their own free will, participate in such activities as sky diving, mountaineering, bungee-jumping, white-water rafting, big wave surfing, pot-holing, base jumping, cave diving, and hang-gliding? In this respect, it is interesting that new forms of voluntary risk are continually emerging or being invented in different parts of the world, and this seems to have been particularly true in the last decade or so. (Danger quest for excitement) Environment This section will examine how the natural environment can affect attitudes and motivation towards participation in activities. (To the Extremes out of the gene pool) (6 Environmental Factors) Gender Differences in Motivation (5 buzz junkies) (13 where have all the windsurfers gone) Windsurfing as a subculture rather than a sport Windsurfing is part of a group of activities born during the counter-culture movements of the 1960s Midol (1993) cited in (Wilkinson, 2010), (Dant Wheaton, 2007). Other activities in this catagory include skateboarding, snowboarding and the resurgence of surfing. As Belinda Wheaton (2003) Does Windsurfing require a different motivational pattern to other sports? Sport commitment of windsurfers Sports Motivation Scale Free Time Motivational Scale Sport Commitment Model Sport commitment of windsurfers (2) Research Questions

The Presence of God in The History of Plymouth Plantation Essay example

The Presence of God in The History of Plymouth Plantation The presence of God is evident in the passage from The History of Plymouth Plantation in every event significant or not. In his diary, William Bradford describes several occurrences in which God played a major role in deciding the outcome. According to Bradford, God can help or hurt according to His will. The first of these displays of God’s will in this passage was of revenge toward a sailor. He was as Bradford described him â€Å"a proud and very profane young man... of a lusty, able body.† The sailor would â€Å"always be condemning the poor people† of the Mayflower because of their seasickness. The sailor went as far as to say that he hoped to help cast them overboard before they reached the mainland. Bradford believed that God was pleased to smite this young man with a grievous disease and ironically cause him to be the first to die and be thrown overboard. This proves that Bradford’s god is all-powerful and able to seek and gain revenge against those who go against god’s chosen people. In a later reference, God helps â€Å"one of his chosen people† survive during a storm. A young man named of John Howard was coming up from below deck when he was swept overboard. But, because it pleased God, the man grasped a main line and was able to be saved. Bradford believed that because the man was saved he was one of God’s chosen people and, therefore, later went on to become an important member of their society. This incident ...

Crm at Makro

Let me start by giving a brief idea of what Customer Relationship Management means. CRM, or Customer Relationship Management, is a company-wide business strategy designed to reduce costs and increase profitability by solidifying customer loyalty. True CRM brings together information from all data sources within an organization (and where appropriate, from outside the organization) to give one, holistic view of each customer. It's a strategy used to learn more about customers' needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them.This allows customer facing employees in such areas as sales, customer support, and marketing to make quick yet informed decisions on everything from cross-selling (selling to an existing customer) and up-selling (selling something that is more profitable or otherwise preferable for the seller instead of, or in addition to, the original sale) opportunities to target marketing strategies to competitive positioning tactics. Once thought of as a type of software, CRM has evolved into a customer-centric philosophy that must infuse an entire organization. There are three key elements to a successful CRM initiative: people, process, and technology. The people throughout a company-from the CEO to each and every customer service representative need to buy in to and support CRM. * A company's business processes must be reengineered to support its CRM initiative, often from the view of, how can this process better serve the customer? * Firms must select the right technology to drive these improved processes, provide the best data to the employees, and be easy enough to operate that users won't face problems. If one of these three foundations is not sound, the entire CRM structure will crumble. Now that you have an idea what CRM is, I will move on to discuss the CRM of Makro.For this I had to meet up with the manager of customer relation at Makro’s head office located inside the shopping complex. The Manager was quite hel pful and encouraging which I was not expecting honestly. I took 20 minutes of his time and discuss about the CRM his company managed. I started by asking what communication means to him and his company and according to him communication skills are important in every aspect of business. Information must be clear and accurate. In Customer Service, you must be able to explain company policies to customers and answer their questions about your products or services.These customers are not experts in your business, so you must be able to translate industry terms or technical information into layman's terms. Customer development and maintenance of relationships with customers is very important especially for a huge chain like Makro. Like businesses, Hypermarkets are also focusing on improving relationships with their customers and want to gain customer loyalty. Globalization and technological improvements have given Makro a tough competition where new competitors keep on emerging Metro bei ng one of them currently.Makro is focusing on managing customer relationships in order to efficiently maximize revenues. For Makro marketing is not just limited to developing, delivering and selling, it is developing towards maintaining long term relationships with customers. Relationship marketing is becoming more and more important in financial services . Managers really needs to look at areas where opportunities lie because industry consolidation, multiple delivery channels and online banking are making the customers leave one bank for another.Thus banks are increasingly using customer relationship management to develop long lasting relationships with their customers. Ensuring customer satisfaction is their main goal of any company. To achieve this goal customers especially HORECA are frequently contacted, and it is made sure that Makro staff and CRM department asks them about the problems they are facing and they try their level best to solve them. These methods increase custome r convenience and satisfaction in the longer run and keeps on bringing the customers back.Makro offers its customer the following advantages, known as the ‘Makro Advantage’ which includes: Competitive Prices 1. Quality Guaranteed, 2. Everything Under One Roof, 3. Air-conditioned and clean environment, 4. Bulk Packing, 5. Detailed Sales Invoice, 6. Extended Business Hours – 8:00 am to 12 Midnight, 7. Open 7 days a Week including national holidays, 8. Vast and secure parking space, 9. Convenient shopping environment for senior citizens and customers on wheelchairs, 10. Makro Mail: a fortnightly price list with special promotions on a vast range of productsOne main problem is the difference in price of one product and buying in bulk. Buying in bulk is cheaper and most customers don’t understand that unless we explain it to them. So we have to continuously reinforce this idea in their minds. We also have to deal with unsatisfied customer if for example the pro duct is faulty; we have to compensate them properly. A business this large cannot survive unless we have a large number of loyal customers. Since they can easily break off and buy from our competitors. Competition is very fierce from other similar business.So we have designed some strategies to give us the competitive edge. Makro designs special promotions privileges for its customers to offer maximum benefits of price competitiveness and convenience. Enclosed is a copy of our promotional circular – the Makro Mail. This circular, published twice a month, offers Makro’s customers information on the best deals and new products available at its centers. Customers get this information delivered free of charge at their doorstep enabling them to make informed buying decisions for their businesses. Customer satisfaction is the most important objective at Makro.Makro Gold Card is one way of showing our appreciation for your patronage and providing you with a more personalized service. Gold Card at Makro offers you the advantage of an annual bonus scheme which is an extra percentage off on your annual purchase at Makro. The extra bonus amount will be excluding tax, Makro Mail offers and already discounted articles. We also offer Purchase solutions for Employee Canteen / Cafeteria, Fair Price Shop, Office equipment ;amp; stationery, General office supplies: tea, coffee, drinks, tissues, cleaning items etc and Tools ;amp; maintenance requirements.A purchase solution is when we sell our commodities online. B2B If you are a business concern that buys its need in bulk, get in touch with our Customer Development Department, stationed at each Store for your options of payment. Following non-cash options are available for purchases at all Makro Centres. Debit Card Debit card is the most convenient ;amp; safe payment option. For safety and security a separate account may be opened at Habib Metropolitan Ban or MCB, which will insure tha funds are available and cont rolled in a separate account for Makro purchase.Credit Card Makro accepts payment through credit cards with a bank charge of 1. 73% Advance on Credit Goods can be purchased against the exact amount deposited at Makro Centres. Bank Guarantee Credit is available against a bank guarantee provide by the customer to Makro Centres. Marketing The next main question was about marketing and how Makro conducts it: The CRM systems at Makro for marketing help the enterprise identify and target potential clients and generate leads for the sales team.An important marketing capability is tracking and measuring multichannel campaigns, including email, social media, telephone and direct mail. Prospect Relationship Management (PRM) solutions which track customer behavior and nurture them from first contact to sale, often cutting out the active sales process altogether. Customer Service and Solutions Makro's Customer Development Department situated on the sales floor of every Makro Centre help custome r with their question, queries and problem and offers them the right solutions. We have our own call center located in house.Customers can also E-mail and go the the site http://www. makropakistan. com/index. htm for feedback. Plus all Makro centers are equipped to help handicapped people move around and have accessibility for wheelchairs etc. keeping checks and balances on the cleanliness and maintenance of the branch: a nice, clean ambience makes an overall good experience for the customer. Feedback is very important for Makro said the manager, it helps in improving and enhancing the service we provide. Social media Social media has been a great help for many businesses.Same is the case for Makro. Social media sites like Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook are amplifying the voice of people in the marketplace and are having profound and far-reaching effects on the ways in which people buy. Customers can now research companies online and then ask for recommendations through social media channels, making their buying decision without contacting the company. Makro has its own page on Facebook http://www. facebook. com/profile. php? id=100001615146117. People also use social media to share opinions and experiences on companies, products and services.As social media is not as widely moderated or censored as mainstream media, individuals can say anything they want about a company or brand, positive or negative. Increasingly, companies are looking to gain access to these conversations and take part in the dialogue. More than a few systems are now integrating to social networking sites. Social media promoters cite a number of business advantages, such as using online communities as a source of high-quality leads and a vehicle for crowd sourcing solutions to client-support problems.Companies can also leverage client stated habits and preferences to -target† their sales and marketing communications. Some analysts take the view that business-to-business marketers shou ld proceed cautiously when weaving social media into their business processes. These observers recommend careful market research to determine if and where the phenomenon can provide measurable benefits for client interactions, sales and support. It is stated that people feel their interactions are peer-to-peer between them and their contacts, and resent company involvement, sometimes responding with negatives about that company.

Rmemember the Titans Themes essays

Rmemember the Titans Themes essays Theme: Maintenance of a Strong Relationship A relationship is like a necklace; it doesnt serve its function if you dont connect the first 2 from each end. But then again it will not serve its function if 1 link in the middle is weak and breaks. Remember the Titans shows a setting where exactly that happens, the white players do not want a part of the black players on their team and vice-versa. It was going to stay like that until a decision on the school board was made that there would be a change of the head coach. The new coach was not a racist thus giving everyone the same treatment, no matter black or white. Do you have to be acting, behaving, look like, etc. the way others want you to be? If you were with the girl/guy that you dreamed of your whole life, would you care if the rest of the world thought that there is something wrong with that person? Remember the Titans, is a move about lifes lessons that had a harsh effect in the past and left an ignorant scar on all. The movie shows how the times of slavery and discrimination of race left a scar on people in this new era. The movie was produced to teach people that all could only get better with change and if all are given the same and equal rights. Display of how one football team first refuses to be integrated with black players, even if that could bring some new talent to the team. ...

Educated While In Prison Essays - Platonism, Free Essays

Educated While In Prison Essays - Platonism, Free Essays Educated While In Prison English 101 April 9, 2014 Educated While In Prison The Allegory of the Cave by Plato and A Homemade Education by Malcolm X are very similar to each other. In both writings they are communicating how they were detained in some sort of way and how instruction was seen as a way out. The thought of mistreatment safety and flexibility are available in both writings. In both writings they were held detained and had no control of the circumstances. They opposed to everything to start with. Be that as it may, the detainees soon understood that their flexibility was through instruction. In Plato's content we figure out how a couple of detainees got instructed about the outside world from aggregate haziness. In the mean time, Malcolm X clarifies to us how he chooses to use his time in jail to better instruct himself. Both Plato and Malcolm X outline their voyage of training through a dim zone to their opportunity of seeing the world and instructing themselves about it through their eyes. In "The Allegory of the Cave" the text opens up with "Behold! Human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open toward the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning around their heads. Above and behind them a fire blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets(1113)". Here Plato talks about how the detainees have been held since youth with chains. Their legs and necks are bound so they can't turn around to see what is behind them. Placed directly behind them is a fire that is bursting and in the middle of the greater part of this is a raised screen like way, which has manikins for the detainees to see. The detainees are in a dull zone and just light accommodated them is the flame. In "A Homemade Education" Malcolm X talks on a night in jail. He states When I progressed to really serious reading, every night at about ten p.m. I would be outraged with the lights out. It always seemed to catch me right in the middle of something engrossing. Fortunately, right outside my door was a corridor light that cast a glow into my room. The glow was enough to read by, once my eyes adjusted to it. So when lights out came, I would sit on the floor where I could continue my reading in that glow (717). X wasn't permitted to peruse after specific hours while in jail, ten p.m. So he had no decision however to stay himself into one corner of his cell and read from somewhat light that might sparkle into his cell. Not just was X breaking the principles and opposing to what was befalling him. He was instructing himself and attempting to bring about a noticeable improvement. Much the same as in Plato's content how the detainees were held to one particular spot in a dull zone with sticks a bit light generally so was Malcolm X. He was limited to one spot in his cell after ten p.m. so hopefully he could keep perusing after "lights out". In both writings they were held in dim ranges with simply a little light sparkling toward them to help proceed their training. Then again, their training does not end once they are free. In Plato's content we read Anyone who has common sense will remember the bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the minds eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye; and he who remembers this when he sees any one whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be ready to laugh; he will first ask

Arrangements on promoting equality for Policewomen Essay

Arrangements on promoting equality for Policewomen - Essay Example Conclusions will also be drawn upon highlighting how these key figures will impact the future of women in the police force. The second part will consider how the flexibility and the balance and work-life from women in the police force are structured. It will also analyze the ways in which the police force can operate to better equip their members with the skills to address these various problems associated with the balance of work and life. Flexible working provides the opportunity for female police officers to give their best at work and at home. It isn't necessarily about working less - it's about having more control over when, where and how they work. By providing flexible working arrangements for employees, organisations have a more motivated and productive workforce. They are more likely to retain these members of staff, this in turn cuts the cost of recruitment - advertising, interviewing, selecting and training - as well as keeping all the skills and experience that only time can build. With this extra adaptability the organisation should also be able to manage peaks and troughs in demand more effectively, and provide a better service to the public Advantages for employees include increased motivation and less stress - a flexible working option can be the answer to the work / life juggling act that many of us face. There are a growing number of reasons why people are investigating different work practices; these include childcare, further education and training, caring for elderly relatives, voluntary work and increasing the quality and balance of life. At the moment only some of these options are offered by most forces, but things are changing. There is fierce competition in the jobs marketplace and chief officers are starting to realise that new and innovative ways of working are needed to attract, keep and reward high quality staff. ACPO and Home Office researchers have found examples of all of the above work patterns in forces around the UK - evidence that flexible working is possible and can be successful within the police service. MANAGING WORK-LIFE ARRANGEMENTS At the meeting of the Federated Ranks Committee on 22 October 2002 agreement was reached on guidance on the application of the agreement made within the Police Negotiating Board in May 2002 for the management of working time to reduce the overtime bill and provide a better work/life balance for police officers. The scheme agreed by the PNB in May 2002 to manage overtime is about using more flexible working and rostering arrangements and measures to tackle bureaucracy to reduce the reliance of the service on overtime and to give female police officers a better work/life balance. It is not about cutting costs. It is not about reducing the availability of officers for operational duties, including, when need arises, beyond their rostered hours. The PNB believes that police officers, regardless of age, race or gender, are entitled to enjoy a healthy work/life balance. Research has shown that a good work/life balance brings benefits to both employers and employees - so the police service must be able to learn from developments in the wider employment

The Right Birthday is the Key to Success in the Matthew Effect Essay

The Right Birthday is the Key to Success in the Matthew Effect - Essay Example In hockey, for instance, being born between the months of January to March, gives some talented children the benefit of looking bigger and stronger. As a result, they get drafted to leagues that prepare them for the Memorial Cup. They receive better training, education, and attention, which enhance their chances of success. This is called the â€Å"Matthew Effect,† which is based on the concept of â€Å"accumulative advantage.† It states that a little advantage early in life, when sustained through subsequent opportunities, lasts a lifetime. I agree with this theory, because I also experienced and witnessed how older people and people, who had the looks and background, find the way to the top easier than the rest, who do not have these advantages. Gladwell’s idea of success is different from the general public, because the latter romanticizes the idea of self-effort, which is vital to the notion of the American Dream. On the contrary, Gladwell asserts that succes s is largely a product of environmental and biological factors. The general public often thinks that successful people are wholly self-made. They started from the bottom and inched their way to the top. Self-determination and individual effort are well-admired ingredients of the American Dream. In essence, this dream stresses that no one can stop a driven individual, whatever his/her color, gender, and age might be. Gladwell disagrees with this thinking, because he believes that successful people have certain advantages in one way or another. He examined the trends in the birthdays of children and adolescents getting into Canadian hockey teams. He discovered that the cutoff dates in the educational and sports systems give advantage to children, who were born at certain months. As a result, those who were born in other months do not have the same training, education, and attention given to them, which disadvantage them as students and athletes in the long run. These examples suggest that the public’s idea of individual success is not so individual-driven after all. Gladwell’s thinking is important, because he brings into public discussion the implanted disadvantages in society, which is bad for individuals and the general public alike. The â€Å"Matthew Effect† suggests that children, who do not get through different kinds of cutoff, get lesser resources and attention than those who do. At the same time, children, who are born at the right time and place, also get unwarranted advantages. This means that one of the negative outcomes of the â€Å"Matthew Effect† is social inequality. The society does not benefit from this system too, because it does not maximize all potential talents and skills, as Gladwell points out. This kind of system prioritizes particular people, which promote social inequality in the long run, and leads to unused or undeveloped talents, talents that society can also reap to become more developed as time goes by. Gladwell recommends overhauling the system to ensure that people, who are born at the same months or at certain clusters, are trained together, so that they can access equal resources and attention from their teachers and talent scouts. I agree with Gladwell, because I think that the â€Å"Matthew Effect† is real and significant in actual life, based on first-hand experiences and memories. I have a younger brother, who is now14 years old and his birthday is in December. The cutoff for kindergarten is January. Our parents held him back for